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The last half century of the history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly called Zaire) is overflowing with blood. Blood, which has been shed in civil wars, but also in conflicts with neighboring countries, against the private armies of foreign businessmen, or trying to contain the violence of small groups of bandits disguised as rebels. After the ousting of the dictator Mobutu, there was an attempt to restore democracy \u2013 which ended, as the photo shows, in the assassination of President Laurent Kabila, former rebel leader catapulted to power by a sum of conjunctural coincidences, almost all caused by from the intervention of those who have an interest in the exploitation of the immense mineral deposits of the former Zaire.<\/p>\n
Between the times Mobutu and today it seems that everything has changed profoundly – and in an often violent way. Except for one thing: the man who, from behind the scenes, has seen his power grow, one coup after another, and above all the man who leads it, an Israeli businessman. We are talking about Eric Monga Mumba and Dan Gertler.<\/p>\n
Africa is calling for a brand new man: an open, modern, elegant man who, among the reference models, has chosen the Western one, and therefore has discarded the Muslim and the Asian one. A man who has studied and who, in his profession, has found the strength to apply what he knows, without renouncing his traditions, but without yielding to the endemic weaknesses of the past. A strong man, determined, but not violent, who made his way through intelligence and diligence, not with corruption and intimidation.<\/p>\n
You probably never heard this name before, but Eric Monga Mumba looks like a little bit like this. He is clearly a self-conscious, powerful and wealthy man, considered to be one of Congo\u2019s \u201cmillionaires amidst the chaos\u201d. Pictured in the opening scenes of a recent documentary, Monga can be seen drinking \u201cthe finest champagne\u201d and smoking a fat cigar as he hosts a rooftop dinner party for friends, in celebration of having closed a big business deal[1]<\/a>. In the documentary Monga claims that to get rich in the Congo, all you have to do is work hard[2]<\/a>. This isn\u2019t working for the majority of Congolese citizens, who live on less than $ 1.90 per day[3]<\/a>. But was it just \u2018hard work\u2019 that brought him his wealth, and the prominent position he now occupies in Congolese affairs?<\/p>\n From Mobutu to Kabila: <\/strong>the success story of an ambitious young man<\/strong><\/p>\n Eric Monga Mumba celebrates a big win by hosting a lavish rooftop dinner for friends[4]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n Eric Monga Mumba was born in 1965 In Lubumbashi[5]<\/a>, the capital city of what is now known as Haut-Katanga province. Lubumbashi is the second largest city in DRC after Kinshasa. In that year, the Congo Crisis was coming to an end: for five years the people of Katanga had actively sought to secede from the rest of the Republic of Congo[6]<\/a>. The Congo Crisis ultimately led to the assassination of Patrice Lumumba, Congo\u2019s first post-independence Prime Minister[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Monga reportedly has a brother named Edy, who is a doctor based in Italy[8]<\/a>. His father Katanga Monga was described as great businessman, and one of the first people to support artisanal mining in Katanga[9]<\/a>. He grew up under the despotic rule of dictator Mobutu Seso Seko, \u2018the epitome of the African kleptocrat\u2019, under whose watch the streets of Kinshasa turned into open sewers full of starving people[10]<\/a>. Well, Eric has been able to grow in that era and become something completely different: as everyone calls him now, \u201cthe boss of Katanga\u2019s bosses\u201d[11]<\/a> (or \u201cle Patron des Patrons Katangais\u201d[12]<\/a>).<\/p>\n In the early 90s, just a few years after gaining a degree in Economics, Monga found himself working in an advantageous government position at the BCC Banque Centrale du Congo (Congo\u2019s central bank)[13]<\/a>. At the BCC firstly Monga was deputy head of the Bureau of studies and exchanges[14]<\/a>, then he became a title holder in 1994, and between 1995 and 1997 he managed the banking supervision service[15]<\/a>. Monga\u2019s final years working at the BCC were spent amidst the chaos (and opportunity) of the First Congo War, which ended in 1997 after Mobutu was assassinated and Laurent-D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Kabila took power with the help of neighbouring countries Rwanda and Uganda[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n In the late 90s the DRC\u2019s mining assets were run down and essentially ruined[17]<\/a>. They were also entirely owned by G\u00e9camines, the state-owned mining company[18]<\/a>. Sadly however, the decentralisation of assets that followed did not benefit most of DRC\u2019s people. Instead, a \u201cwholesale sell-off of Congo\u2019s natural resources\u201d to benefit a core of corrupt elites began in earnest in May 1997, when Laurent Kabila was sworn in[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Laurent Kabila\u2019s turn at the helm of earth-ship-DRC was short-lived. Rwanda and Uganda (who had once supported his campaign) sent a new rebel army to oust him[20]<\/a>. As he clung to power so the Second Congo War began, taking more than 5.4 million lives over the course of a decade[21]<\/a>. Kabila senior was eventually assassinated in 2001 by one of his child soldiers[22]<\/a>. His son Joseph took over where he left off. When Kabila junior took office ten days after his father\u2019s death, his regime continued to privatise the DRC\u2019s mining assets via corrupt deals struck to benefit his inner circle and himself[23]<\/a>.<\/p>\n The bloodthirsty dictator Mobutu Sese Seko a few months before his overthrow<\/strong>[24]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n In 1998, after leaving the BCC Eric Monga was hired to Augustin Katumba Mwanke\u2019s cabinet. Katumba was the governor of Katanga during Laurent Kabila short and ill-fated reign. His governorship ended in 2001, the year Kabila senior was assassinated. Monga spent this particularly tumultuous and conflict-ridden period in Congolese affairs acting as economic advisor to the governor of strategically important Katumba province[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n In the DRC, elite criminal networks permeate the economy to such an extent that the looting of the state by Kabila and his cronies has often the appearance of legitimacy[26]<\/a>. As such, DRC corruption presents \u201ca complex situation of grey actors who mainly operate within lawful institutions but still providing critical resources for illegitimate activities that include the extraction, processing and trafficking of minerals\u201d[27]<\/a>. A 2017 report by the Global Observatory of Transnational Criminal Networks stated that there is \u201ccollaboration between the private and the public sectors\u201d that sustains \u201ca situation of generalized corruption, as well as humanitarian, social and political instability in the Democratic Republic of Congo and surrounding countries\u201d[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n While in the past various armies with transnational links controlled access to valuable resources, now local Mai-Mai militias and politicians have replaced them[29]<\/a>. The UN Panel of Experts observed in 2002 that the \u201clooting that was previously conducted by the armies themselves has been replaced with organized systems of embezzlement, tax fraud, extortion, the use of stock options as kickbacks and diversion of State funds conducted by groups that closely resemble criminal organizations\u201d[30]<\/a>. These criminal organisations, which operate behind a veil of apparent legitimacy, are made up of \u201celite networks\u201d that operate \u201cthrough advanced mechanisms of State co-optation\u201d[31]<\/a>. The very same elite networks that Eric Monga\u2019s mentor Katumba belonged to, according to the UN Panel of Experts.<\/p>\n To illustrate the scale of this system, it is worth noting that in December 2016, just before Kabila\u2019s constitutional mandate ran out, Kabila\u2019s fifteen closest family members owned more than 70 companies according to a Bloomberg investigation into the family\u2019s busines interests[32]<\/a>. Their interests span the economy in diverse industries such as mining, banking, logistics, agriculture, hospitality and fuel[33]<\/a>. Kabila\u2019s twin sister Jaynet, whose name is associated with many companies, was named in the massive 2016 offshore data leak, the Panama Papers[34]<\/a>. The exact value of the Kabila family\u2019s assets is difficult to establish however, as the DRC economy remains highly informal and cash based[35]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Augustin Katumba Mwanke: Connector and Mentor<\/strong><\/p>\n The murdered body of Laurent D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Kabila<\/strong>[36]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n In 2015 vast Katanga was split into four administrative provinces: Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba and Haut-Katanga[37]<\/a>. It is also the heartland of the Kabila family[38]<\/a>, and was the home province of both Laurent Kabila[39]<\/a> and Katumba Mwanke[40]<\/a>. For three years after DRC gained independence from Belgium in 1960 Katanga was a breakaway territory[41]<\/a>. The region\u2019s secessional spirit simmers on to this day. Eastern Katanga is densely rich in mineral wealth, supplying cobalt, copper, tin, radium, uranium and diamonds to international markets[42]<\/a>. Trucks roar through the streets of Lubumbashi day and night, heading for the Zambian border and then onward to Asia[43]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Provincial authorities in Katanga \u201cboast of its liberal mining regulations\u201d[44]<\/a>. The province sits on huge reserves of cobalt and high grade copper deposits[45]<\/a>. In the ten years preceding 2008, copper prices rose enormously, and Katanga enjoyed a \u201cspectacular economic boom\u201d[46]<\/a>. However, much of the benefits have failed to trickle down to the general population, and the euphoria of the boom hid \u201cmany threats, economic as well as ecological\u201d[47]<\/a>. Central government has been slow to pay Katanga its share of the funds generated by the Katangais economy, allegedly for fear that should the region economically outrank the rest of the country, secession could become more likely[48]<\/a>.<\/p>\n It is undoubtably true that \u201cpatterns of political interference, corruption and plundering of natural resources by the current and previous governments\u201d are a key feature in the Katanga-Kinshasa dynamic[49]<\/a>. Corruption is entrenched in the region and defines the provinces\u2019 relationship with the centre of power in Kinshasa. In Katanga, companies get away with not paying taxes if they belong to various powerful individuals[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n 2006, a Global Witness report documented ruthless exploitation of miners by the government and trading companies in Katanga\u2019s artisanal mining sector[51]<\/a> and explored the role of political actors in mining related corruption in Katanga province[52]<\/a>. At the local level, interviews conducted by Global Witness in 2006 indicated that Katangais politicians were taking a cut from mining deals[53]<\/a> and that it was impossible to operate without a \u2018political umbrella\u2019 \u2013 the freedom to operate bought with regular large cash payments to Kabila and his inner circle[54]<\/a>. This system operates at both the industrial and informal mining levels, facilitating a system of illicit exportation[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Eric Monga was economic advisor to Augustin Katumba Mwanke, who was governor of Katanga between 1998 and 2001[56]<\/a>. It is important to note however that Katumba was so much more than a provincial governor, he was also a key aid to both of the Kabilas. Katumba was friends with Laurent Kabila[57]<\/a> and went on to become Joseph Kabila\u2019s closest advisor[58]<\/a>, and therefore one of the most powerful people in the DRC government.<\/p>\n A leaked cable from US Ambassador William J Garvelink described Katumba as someone who was known for his business acumen[59]<\/a>. The cable suggested Katumba had ongoing health problems, and noted that some observers believed he was HIV positive[60]<\/a>. He was viewed as a \u2018shady\u2019 and \u2018nefarious\u2019 member of Kabila\u2019s inner circle.[61]<\/a> He lived in South Africa until Mobutu\u2019s death[62]<\/a>, where he apparently worked for a mining company[63]<\/a>. He was the former head of the Alliance for the Presidential Majority (AMP)[64]<\/a>. Perhaps most importantly Katumba was very close friends with Israeli billionaire Dan Gertler and is believed to have managed Kabila\u2019s personal fortune.[65]<\/a><\/p>\n Augustin Katumba Mwanke[66]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n Katumba was also widely known to be \u201ca centrepiece in mining contracts\u201d[67]<\/a>. From 2001 to 2004 shortly after his governorship ended Katumba became a director of the Congolese subsidiary of Canadian multinational Anvil Mining[68]<\/a>. It is believed that Katumba played a key role in negotiating Anvil\u2019s mining contract in Katanga[69]<\/a>: CEO Bill Turner admitted in a television interview that Anvil had paid Katumba \u201cdirector\u2019s fees\u201d and that Anvil was renting a property of his in Lubumbashi for close to $4,000 per month[70]<\/a>. Anvil Mining achieved international renown in 2004 when it became embroiled in the tragic Kilwa massacre[71]<\/a>. Katumba\u2019s relationship with Anvil illustrates his key positioning in large scale mining deals.<\/p>\n The 2002 final report of the UN Panel on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth in the DRC considered Katumba to be a \u201ckey power broker in mining and diplomatic deals\u201d[72]<\/a>. More worryingly, the UN Panel believed Monga\u2019s boss to be one of the chief figures in an elite network of \u201cpolitical, military and commercial interests [that] seeks to maintain its grip on the main mineral resources… of the Government-controlled area [of the DRC]\u201d[73]<\/a>. The report said that the elite network of which Katumba was a part had \u201ctransferred ownership of at least US$ 5 billion of assets from the State mining sector to private companies under its control\u201d in the three preceding years \u201cwith no compensation or benefit for the State treasury\u201d[74]<\/a>.<\/p>\n The report described \u201ca complex and deteriorating situation in which criminal networks are articulated by political leaders, public servants, mining companies and criminals such as militias, paramilitary groups and arms traffickers\u201d[75]<\/a>. The Panel put Katumba on its list of people that it recommended should have their assets frozen, be banned from travelling and be prevented from banking[76]<\/a>. One report stated that he \u201cplayed a key role in the trafficking of minerals\u201d in the DRC while acting as Minister of the State Portfolio in 2002[77]<\/a>. This position gave Katumba power over the DRC\u2019s mining licenses, even after his time in office had ended[78]<\/a>. One former Congolese minister observed that when Kabila made Katumba Minister, it marked the beginning of an entire \u201cplundering system\u201d[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n February 12, 2012: The Gulfstream GIV with Katumba on board misses the landing in Bukavu, misses the runway and crashes into an embankment, breaking in two and killing the passengers<\/strong>[80]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n After the UN report was published, Katumba continued to occupy leading positions: he was suspended from government by Kabila for less than a year, returning to office as General Secretary of Kabila\u2019s People\u2019s Party for Reconstruction and Development (PPRD)[81]<\/a>. Subsequently he acted as a \u201croving ambassador\u201d for Kabila, participating the Sun City peace accords (which led to the formation of Kabila\u2019s transitional government), and in 2006 he was elected to the DRC National Assembly[82]<\/a>. As Kabila\u2019s closest advisor, Katumba clearly operated with impunity.<\/p>\n After the dust settled on the UN report, and Katumba was firmly established back in the centre of power, allegations against him kept emerging. In their 2006 report, Global Witness described an incident involving a contact of Katumba\u2019s that took place in October 2005[83]<\/a>. An intermediary trader involved in covering up the attempted theft of a consignment of minerals was believed to have close links to Katumba, and to relatives of Kabila[84]<\/a>. The governor of Katanga (at that time Urbain Kisula Ngoy) had indicated that pressure had come from his hierarchy to let the goods through[85]<\/a>. Augustin Katumba Mwanke was suddenly killed in a plane crash along with his co-pilot in February 2012[86]<\/a>, reportedly after telling a close associate that he feared for his life[87]<\/a>.<\/p>\n The birth and growth of Trade Service<\/strong><\/p>\n Guy Kimenyembo, General Manager at Trade Service and \u2013 at the same time, <\/strong>Provincial President of the corporation of customs forwarders at FEC Katanga and Member of the executive committee of FCFASA (Federation of Customs Brokers and Freight Forwarders of Southern Africa)<\/strong>[88]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n When Katumba\u2019s governorship ended in 2001, so too did Eric Monga\u2019s official government career. He became an agent of mines and quarries[89]<\/a>, and set up a company called Trade Service in Lubumbashi[90]<\/a>: a research, tax and facilitation consultancy with over 100 employees[91]<\/a> and quite soon a reputation as a hub for the corruption in the Congolese mining sector[92]<\/a>. The company was set up by Monga and three other partners[93]<\/a>, Claude Mutomb (deceased), Guy Kimenyembo and Eric Kabila[94]<\/a>. Kimenyembo’s presence is a clear violation of conflict of interest rules, as he is the most powerful man in control of Katanga’s customs and border posts with surrounding nations[95]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Eric Kabila is worthy of further consideration. His father is a shareholder of Trust Merchant Bank[96]<\/a>. According to French Le Monde Diplomatique, like Monga Eric Kabila is also a former official of the of the BCC[97]<\/a>. He is another agent of mines and quarries[98]<\/a>. This includes advising on tax issues, obtaining titles, interacting with government, and organising transports[99]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Interestingly, he and Eric Monga are listed as the only two contacts for the Lubumbashi, Kinshasa and Matadi offices of a company called Trans-Med Shipping[100]<\/a>. Most importantly, Eric Kabila was also close to Katumba Mwanke[101]<\/a>. He purportedly made a fortune following to the ruin of G\u00e9camines, by helping large companies after the adoption of the new mining law[102]<\/a>. He certainly runs high in the Congolese high society \u2013 he was photographed with his family at the lavish 2016 meeting of the Lubumbashi Horse Circle at the Grand Hotel Karavia, organised by mining magnate George Forrest[103]<\/a>.<\/p>\n In 2008 Eric Monga set up La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Surveillance Mini\u00e8re in Likasi, an analysis laboratory that supposedly pays attention to placing former G\u00e9camines executives, and graduates of Lubumbashi University, into the DRC mining sector[104]<\/a>. Additionally, in 2012 Monga created DRC Mining Consulting Services (DRCMCS), a New York registered company of which he is the CEO[105]<\/a>. DRCMCS is an independent mining consultancy offering a range of services to the international mining industry players associated with the exploitation of raw materials from the DRC[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n His big win came in 2013, when Monga was elected president of the Katanga division of the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration des Entrepreneurs Congolais (FEC), the DRC\u2019s biggest business lobby group[107]<\/a>. This role is sometimes referred to as the Pr\u00e9sident du Patronat Katangais[108]<\/a>. Patrick Muland Kabey and Jean Coundouris were elected to be his deputies[109]<\/a>. Monga\u2019s company La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Surveillance Mini\u00e8re was been made chair of the regional mines commission, and Trade Service was made chair of services, manufacturing and energy along with Muland\u2019s and Coundouris\u2019 companies, Mulykap and Hyper-Psaro respectively[110]<\/a>.<\/p>\n The building, seat of G\u00e9camines, in Lubumbashi<\/strong>[111]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n In 2013, while acting as a regional FEC president, Monga was accused of obstructing an investigation into customs fraud in Katanga: the investigation was commissioned by the public prosecutor\u2019s office and carried out by a team led by then attorney-general Simon Nyandu Shabandu[112]<\/a>. The Nyandu investigation examined 25 cases of alleged customs infractions and corruption at the Customs and Excise Agency (DGDA) in Lubumbashi, Katanga[113]<\/a>. This was less than 10% of the number of cases due to be examined however[114]<\/a>, because the criminal investigation was cut short[115]<\/a>. The Nyandu investigation report was never officially published, but it was leaked and examined by Reuters[116]<\/a>, and was published in its original French, and a translated English version, by the Africa Faith and Justice Network[117]<\/a>.<\/p>\n The report shone a light on corruption among customs officials of the DGDA in Katanga, who were colluding with companies that were allegedly under-valuing their imports and exports, and avoiding tax altogether[118]<\/a>. Some customs officials were accused of destroying evidence proving tax evasion[119]<\/a>. The leaked report found that 11 companies were liable for a total of around $741 million in unpaid taxes and fines[120]<\/a>. It has been observed that had the remaining 90% of cases commissioned by the public prosecutor\u2019s office actually been examined, it is likely that billions more dollars of funds lost to corruption and fraud would have been discovered[121]<\/a>.<\/p>\n One of the companies named for failing to pay taxes was Eric Monga\u2019s Trade Service[122]<\/a>. What is more, the Nyandu report specifically named Eric Monga as having attempted to obstruct the progress of the investigation: \u201cWhile some offenders like COMEXAS, AACC and others had shown their good will to pay DGDA rights, others on the contrary tried to exploit the FEC Katanga, with the help of its President, a certain Eric Monga, who teamed together and used the channel of the local press to incite people to strike, or even to provoke a rebellion against the mission<\/em>\u201d[123]<\/a>.<\/p>\n The investigators found that there was a \u201clack of respect of businessmen vis-\u00e0-vis the customs administration\u201d[124]<\/a>. This combined with the \u201cnonchalance of the DGDA agents\u201d signified an \u201cexcessive degree of impunity\u201d for corruption in the province[125]<\/a>. The report\u2019s authors were of the opinion that the \u201clack of availability and willingness on the part of certain businessmen to provide evidence\u201d was indication of their guilt[126]<\/a>. Another of the commission’s discoveries was the role of another powerful Congo figure, closely related to Eric Monga \u2013 the president of G\u00e9camines[127]<\/a>, president of the FEC (of which Monga is the Katanga president)[128]<\/a>, the chairman of the audit committee of the BCC[129]<\/a> and personal friend of the Kabila family[130]<\/a>: Albert Yuma.<\/p>\n Albert Yuma Mulimbi <\/strong><\/p>\n Albert Yuma Mulimbi[131]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n Since the outcome of DRC\u2019s 2018 elections, and its first democratic transition of power since independence, Kabila (and his Common Front for Congo) and Felix Tshisekedi (and his CACH coalition) have been officially governing together. However, according to the press, \u201cKabila does not intend to give up an ounce of power\u201d[132]<\/a>. There was talk of Yuma becoming prime minister of the new power sharing government, but he was ultimately rejected as a contender by President Felix Tshisekedi[133]<\/a>.<\/p>\n In 2019 Yuma, in his capacity as president of G\u00e9camines, was at the centre of a complex loan dispute with Dan Gertler, which escalated to such a level that Yuma was prohibited from leaving Kinshasa on 17 December 2019 while the prosecutor\u2019s office looked into the controversy[134]<\/a>. An \u201cindependent source close to the case\u201d observed early in 2020 that the dispute involved \u201ca real power struggle between bigwigs from the old regime and the current president\u201d.[135]<\/a> Tshisekedi even made a statement in relation to the dispute on national television urging the courts \u201cto do their job\u201d[136]<\/a>.<\/p>\n In October 2017 a company owned by Dan Gertler, Fleurette Mumi Holdings Ltd, loaned G\u00e9camines \u20ac 200 million[137]<\/a>. Of the amount agreed, \u20ac 128 million was actually transferred to G\u00e9camines[138]<\/a>. Repayment of the \u20ac 128 million loan became due in April 2018, however by this time Dan Gertler was subject to US sanctions[139]<\/a>. G\u00e9camines (of which Yuma was in charge) argued that it could not repay the loan without risking sanctions itself[140]<\/a>. Meanwhile Fluerette Mumi Ltd transferred ownership of the debt to another company owned by Dan Gertler, Ventora Development Sasu, which began proceedings to recover the loan in the Congolese courts[141]<\/a>. The Lubumbashi Commercial Court ruled in favour of Ventora on 14 November 2019, but G\u00e9camines refuses to pay and has appealed the ruling[142]<\/a>.<\/p>\n While Tshisekedi did however reappoint Yuma as president of G\u00e9camines in the new government[143]<\/a>, Sama Lukonde, who is close to Tshisekedi, was made general manager[144]<\/a>. Lukonde requested that certain G\u00e9camines contracts be made public, including the transfer in 2017 of G\u00e9camines\u2019 rights to collect royalties from the Metalkol project to Gertler[145]<\/a>. While Yuma and Gertler may be at odds over the loan dispute, according to political scientist and activist Mputu he opposes potential scrutiny of G\u00e9camines\u2019 dealings with the Israeli businessman Dan Gertler[146]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Who the hell is Dan Gertler? <\/strong><\/p>\n Joseph Kabila, (center left) and Dan Gertler (center right)<\/strong>[147]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n At least one member of the DRC\u2019s elite criminal network has been the subject of intense international scrutiny \u2013 Dan Gertler[148]<\/a>, a kind of \u201csoldier of fortune\u201d[149]<\/a> who started his career trading diamonds in Angola, which was in the midst of a civil war[150]<\/a>. Way back during Laurent Kabila\u2019s presidency, a rabbi introduced Gertler to his son Joseph, who was at the time the head of the Congolese army[151]<\/a>. Gertler and Joseph became instant friends[152]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Gertler was at some point introduced to Joseph\u2019s father Laurent, and became central to his attempts to maintain power once Rwanda and Uganda turned on him[153]<\/a>. According to a UN report the two men struck a deal \u2013 Gertler was to provide $ 20 million and access to \u201cIsraeli military equipment\u201d to the President in exchange for a monopoly on all DRC diamonds[154]<\/a>. After Kabila senior\u2019s assassination Gertler played a key role in the new regime, and was even sent by his close friend Joseph to act as an emissary in peace negotiations[155]<\/a>.<\/p>\n According to the US Treasury billionaire Gertler has \u201camassed his fortune through hundreds of millions of dollars\u2019 worth of opaque and corrupt mining and oil deals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\u201d[156]<\/a>. The US Treasury has accused Gertler of using his friendship with Kabila in order to act as a middleman for the under-priced sale of mining assets in the DRC, and observed that Gertler, \u201chas acted for or on behalf of Kabila, helping Kabila organize offshore leasing companies\u201d[157]<\/a>. His network of assets in the DRC are held via approximately fifty companies registered in tax havens, and include contracts in copper, cobalt, diamond and oil industries[158]<\/a>.<\/p>\n In December 2017, Gertler and twenty of his companies became targets of US sanctions[159]<\/a>. The US Treasury accused Gertler of using \u201chis relationship with the Congolese head of state to act as an intermediary in the sale of mining assets in the Democratic Republic of Congo, forcing multinational companies to go through Gertler to do business with the Congolese state\u201d[160]<\/a>. They estimated that between 2010 and 2012 alone the DRC lost out by an eye-watering $ 1.36 billion due to under-valued assets being sold to Gertler\u2019s offshore companies[161]<\/a>.<\/p>\n One deal alone in 2015 led to a loss of $ 149.5 million of potential revenue for the DRC. In addition to that $ 1.36 billion loss, the government\u2019s lack of transparency over a mining deals with Gertler led to the IMF to cancel scheduled loans to the DRC worth $ 225 million in total[162]<\/a>. The outgoing Trump administration succumbed to lobbying pressure and used its final days to ease the sanctions imposed on Gertler in 2017[163]<\/a>, but the sanctions were subsequently reinstated by President Biden[164]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Dan Gertler (left) at Augustin Katumba Mwanke\u2019s hospital bed[165]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n Through his friendship with Kabila and his inner circle, Gertler acquires under-valued mining assets and then resells the assets at market prices for vast profits. This way of acting has been described as asset flipping: \u201cA specific DRC mining asset (say, ABC) is sold to an offshore entity, which then sells it on \u2013 known as a \u201cflip\u201d \u2013 at a massive profit, to another entity. The new owner then raises cash in Western markets and re-develops ABC as a legitimate mining asset. These deals are conducted by entities registered in, or associated with, tax havens, such as the British Virgin Islands<\/em>\u201d[166]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Gertler used this asset flipping strategy in relation to Global Enterprises Corporate (GEC), later renamed Nikanor[167]<\/a>. GEC was formed in March 2005 by Gertler\u2019s company, Dan Gertler International (DGI), along with another Israeli heavyweight: Benjamin Steinmetz[168]<\/a>. Former DRC mines minister Simon Tuma-Waku acted as a special advisor[169]<\/a>. A joint venture was formed between GEC and G\u00e9camines to re-develop a massive ruined mine made up of multiple orebodies known by the acronym KOV[170]<\/a>.<\/p>\n The Lutundula Commission, a DRC National assembly commission, which in June 2005 reported on its investigation into illegal exploitation in the mining industry and \u201cthe legality of deals entered into\u201d by actors involved in the DRC conflicts[171]<\/a>, recommended that negotiations over KOV be halted[172]<\/a>. Despite this, in October 2003 the KOV agreement between GEC and G\u00e9camines was ratified by presidential decree[173]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Gertler had paid $ 3 million for the KOV assets, which ultimately ended up with a market value of over $ 1 billion after a number of share offerings[174]<\/a>. This enormous price increase illustrates just what the DRC government and people have lost because of this special relationship between Gertler, Kabila and members of Kabila\u2019s inner circle: the DRC government has been entirely complicit in this system of plunder[175]<\/a>.<\/p>\n In 2010 reports it has been discovered that the rights to First Quantum\u2019s $750 million Kingamyambo Musonoi Tailings (KMT) copper project had been signed away to Highwind Properties, a \u201cmysterious\u201d[176]<\/a> BVI registered company with \u201cshadowy representatives\u201d[177]<\/a>. DRC had created a new joint venture called Metalkol Sarl to control KMT, 30% of which was owned by G\u00e9camines and 70% of which was owned by Highwind Properties[178]<\/a>. Ultimately Highwind Properties turned out to be yet another company owned by Gertler[179]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Kasumbalesa customs, between Katanga and Zambia, for years controlled by Eric Monga Mumba and his Trade Service<\/strong>[180]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n Gertler paid $ 60 million for KMT[181]<\/a>, but sold it to shady Kazakh mining giant ENRC for nearly $ 700 million[182]<\/a>. First Quantum claimed to have built most of the $ 550 million copper processing plant at KMT when the rights were reassigned to Highwind Properties[183]<\/a> and sued[184]<\/a>. Perhaps unsurprisingly, a DRC court found that First Quantum no longer held title to the project and fined it $ 12 billion in damages[185]<\/a>. Who did the Court of Appeal nominate as liquidator of First Quantum\u2019s KMT assets? No surprise: Eric Monga[186]<\/a>.<\/p>\n In November 2020 Dan Gertler organised a press conference in Kinshasa[187]<\/a>. This was out of character for Gertler, who has been always described as being \u201cextremely discrete\u201d[188]<\/a>. At the time he was subject to the full extent of the US sanctions against him, including having his US assets and bank accounts seized[189]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Gertler, however, did not appear in person[190]<\/a>: the journalists present instead were treated to a pre-recorded video message[191]<\/a>. According to The Africa Report Gertler \u201cgrandly announced\u201d an intention to \u201cshare with his Congolese brothers\u201d the benefits of his successes in the DRC mining sector[192]<\/a>. No further details[193]<\/a>. According to CNPAV, a DRC citizen platform, the press conference was staged to divert public attention away from revelations about the 2017 Metalkol royalties transfer to Gertler mentioned above[194]<\/a>.<\/p>\n More and more scandals<\/strong><\/p>\n Jean-Jacques Lumumba[195]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n Day after day, the scandals about G\u00e9camines and the Congolese mining sector are getting more and more. Next one regards the Lumumba Papers, a collection of leaked internal documents from the BGFIBank, which reveal financial irregularities between BGFI, the National Independent Electoral Commission, the Central Bank and several companies of Kabila\u2019s inner circle[196]<\/a>. The documents were analysed by the Platform to Protect Whistle-blowers in Africa (PPLAAF) and the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) and widely covered by the press.<\/p>\n BGFIBank is run by relatives of Kabila[197]<\/a>, and co-owned by his sister Gloria Mteyu[198]<\/a>. Whistle-blower Jean-Jacques Lumumba, the nephew of the late first President Patrice Lumumba, was a senior executive of the BGFIBank[199]<\/a>: as he raised concerns over financial irregularities with his superiors at the bank, Francis Selemani Mtwale (President Kabila\u2019s adopted brother and managing director of the bank) threatened him with a firearm[200]<\/a>. He ultimately fled the country with his family, taking a cache of compromising documents with him. The documents revealed four payments[201]<\/a> amounting to an unsecured loan of $ 42.9 million from the BCC, the central bank, to the bank account of a company called EGAL Entreprise G\u00e9n\u00e9rale d’Alimentation et de Logistique[202]<\/a>.<\/p>\n EGAL was officially incorporated on 12 October 2013, with tax-exempt status, but allegedly the company had been financially active for three months prior to this date[203]<\/a>. According to is Annual Report, reviewed by PPLAAF, EGAL received significant tax cuts in 2014[204]<\/a>. According to EGAL\u2019s 2014 financial statement, at that time its shares were held by Eric Monga, Albert Yuma Mulimbi, and the Congolese companies Texico (which Yuma chairs)[205]<\/a> and Aremad[206]<\/a>. The board of directors was comprised of Eric Monga, Albert Yuma Mulimbi, the Belgian Marc Piedboeuf and the Congolese Alain Wan, who are both also members of Kabila\u2019s inner circle[207]<\/a>. It has been suggested that Monga no longer holds a position within EGAL after he had an argument with Kabila\u2019s brother[208]<\/a>.<\/p>\n EGAL was established under the guise of supplying cheap imported food to the DRC\u2019s many underfed communities[209]<\/a>. Instead, it appears that it acted as a funnel for the transfer of state funds to offshore companies for the ultimate benefit of Kabila and his cronies[210]<\/a>. The whistle-blower Lumumba told the OCCRP that in addition to funnelling money to private companies linked to Kabila\u2019s inner circle, the BCC loan of $ 42.9 million acted as collateral for an additional $ 41 million loan from BGFIBank[211]<\/a>. The transaction can be seen in the leaked banking records[212]<\/a>. Lumumba considered the loan to be more of a \u2018grant\u2019, as no significant repayment had been made when he left the bank to flee to Belgium[213]<\/a>. EGAL reportedly has no other income besides the loans granted by the BCC and BGFIBank[214]<\/a>.<\/p>\n The payments from the BCC $ 42.9 million raise many red flags. Firstly, the BCC does not have authority to transfer money to private companies[215]<\/a>, as is the norm for central banks[216]<\/a>. Secondly, at the time the loans were made Albert Yuma Mulimbi was both a director and Chairman of the audit committee of the Central Bank[217]<\/a> and a shareholder and director of EGAL loan[218]<\/a>. Putting the illegality of the payments to one side, Yuma\u2019s positioning represents an enormous conflict of interest. Yuma denied that the Central Bank had sent money to EGAL, but the banking records examined by OCCRP and PLAAF show otherwise[219]<\/a>. Thirdly, EGAL\u2019s board of directors was entirely comprised of (then president) Kabila\u2019s inner circle[220]<\/a>.<\/p>\n A very young girl breaks up rock at an abandoned state-owned copper mine in the city of Kipushi in the Democratic Republic of Congo[221]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n Le Monde described \u201cchildhood friends\u201d Wan and Piedboeuf as managing both Kabila\u2019s agricultural investments and farms[222]<\/a>. Piedboeuf is both a director of EGAL and the administrator of Kabila\u2019s company Ferme Espoir [223]<\/a>. Wan is a director EGAL and of MW Afritec, which has recently been named in another whistleblower leak: the Banana Port Papers[224]<\/a>. In 2010 Wan and Piedboeuf are reported to have sold la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Grands Elevages du Congo (GEL), which owns the island called Mateba, to Kabila[225]<\/a>. Piedboeuf is the managing director of GEL[226]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Much of the $ 42.9 million BCC loan was then transferred from EGAL to foreign companies, also run by Piedboeuf and Wan[227]<\/a>. The companies that received most of the funds were Samaki (Pty) Ltd in Namibia, All Ocean Logistics in the F\u00e6r\u0153r Islands and African Trading and Maintenance in Hong Kong[228]<\/a>. Banking records examined by OCCRP show that a majority of the funds received went to these three companies, almost $ 38 million in total[229]<\/a>. The companies were then involved in the purchase and transport of wild animals that were delivered to reserves belonging to Kabila\u2019s company Ferme Espoir[230]<\/a>, including Kingakati reserve and Mateba island[231]<\/a>. This suggests (at least) that BCC funds were embezzled to buy exotic pets for Kabila, and that Monga\u2019s company EGAL acted as a funnel.<\/p>\n African Trading Maintenance and Development, Hong Kong, received 20 transfers from EGAL totalling $ 9.97 million between June 2013 and June 2014[232]<\/a>. Samaki, Namibia, received transfers from EGAL totalling $ 22.8 million, including the largest single transfer of $ 11.5 million in August 2013[233]<\/a>. This Namibian company, which received the majority of the Central Bank fund that were funnelled through EGAL, is reported to have an almost identical board to EGAL, made up of Kabila\u2019s inner circle[234]<\/a>. This includes Piedboeuf, Wan, Yuma[235]<\/a>, and Eric Monga[236]<\/a>. OCCRP explained that Samaki is managed by politically influential Namibian Martha Namundiebo-Tilahun, and her husband Haddis Tilahun is also a director[237]<\/a>.<\/p>\n All Ocean Logistics, F\u00e6r\u0153r Islands received $ 5 million from EGAL between October 2013 and June 2015. Andre Wan, who OCCRP believes to be the son of Alain Wan, is the main shareholder[238]<\/a>. In 2013, using funds received from EGAL[239]<\/a>, All Ocean Logistics acquired a cargo ship named El Nino for about \u20ac 800,000 in cash[240]<\/a>. Although by 2017, at the time of the OCCRP investigation, El Nino was owned by EGAL, since its acquisition in 2013 the vessel has been used to ship wild game to game parks owned by Kabila[241]<\/a>. Le Monde reported that in May 2017 around 450 wild animals were transported from Namibia by El Nino. Animals included giraffes, buffaloes, antelopes, gazelles, wildebeest and zebras according to Le Monde[242]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Invoices for the animals published by OCCRP show that Kabila\u2019s company Ferme Espoir paid El Nino to transfer the animals[243]<\/a>, but a wildlife veterinarian from the exporter of the animals, Super Games Dealer, told OCCRP that the bills were actually paid by Monga and Yuma\u2019s EGAL[244]<\/a>. Furthermore, OCCRP alleges that the ship\u2019s tracking system was switched on and off along the coast \u201cwhile the ship was shifting goods onto another vessel\u201d[245]<\/a>.<\/p>\n PPLAAF described the EGAL debacle as, \u201ca vast fraudulent system combining several front companies to spend public money for the private interests of Ferme Espoir, a company owned by President Kabila\u201d[246]<\/a>. Analysts are rightly concerned by this mobilisation of Kabila\u2019s business networks to satisfy his \u201canimal fad\u201d[247]<\/a>. Whether something even more nefarious is cloaked behind this set up however remains to be seen. According to Congolese press, EGAL filed a defamation complaint against whistleblower Jean-Jacques Lumumba with the Kinshasa\/Gombe High Court Prosecutor\u2019s Office on 31 December 2020[248]<\/a>. The complaint alleges that during a broadcast called \u201cMarius chez vous\u201d from the US the day before the complaint was filed, Lumumba accused Monga\u2019s EGAL of money laundering, arms dealing and other illicit activities[249]<\/a>. The fact that El Nino\u2019s tracking system was at times switched of remains highly concerning.<\/p>\n An entire nation held hostage<\/strong><\/p>\n Upemba National Park[250]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n In an odd plot twist, Monga has recently been named as the first \u2018private\u2019 person to be spearheading a dam building project in the DRC. Monga is developing the controversial Sombwe Hydro Power Plant through a partnership between his company Kipay Investments, and PowerChina, a Chinese state-owned company[251]<\/a>. The proposed project has become the target of disapprobation by environmental campaigners, who claim that it will be built on ecologically sensitive protected land in Upemba National Park[252]<\/a>.<\/p>\n How could this be possible? Corrupt Congolese elites do not operate in a bubble. The ramifications of one power broker\u2019s actions for the country can be vast. As noted in a 2017 report, DRC corruption presents \u201ca complex situation of grey actors who mainly operate within lawful institutions but still providing critical resources for illegitimate activities that include the extraction, processing and trafficking of minerals\u201d[253]<\/a>. And some argue that the trafficking of minerals, such as Coltan, is \u201cthe main economic, social and political source of instability in [the DRC] and surrounding countries\u201d[254]<\/a>. The stakes are incredibly high – it\u2019s vast mineral deposits are considered to be the reason why the DRC is a hotspot for the trafficking of minerals, firearms and humans, even including children[255]<\/a>.<\/p>\n It goes without saying that the vast majority of Congolese live in conditions of extreme misery. That of Katanga is a unique situation in the world: a land the size of half of the European continent, with mineral deposits worth billions of dollars, administered by a very distant, very weak, corrupt and incapable central power, in which a single man, without any popular legitimacy, without any professional skill, controls at the same time the banks, the mines, the customs, the logistic system and the state administration. The question that arises is extremely worrying: is it a situation that is a legacy of the past, or is it the sign of a terrible future that awaits the African continent?<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Od5yC4iQbxI<\/a><\/p>\n [2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Od5yC4iQbxI<\/a><\/p>\n [3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/drc\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n [4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Od5yC4iQbxI<\/a><\/p>\n [5]<\/a> 2018.10.22 Trade Service, Etudes, Fiscalite & Facilitations, Lubumbashi<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> David N. Gibbs, \u201cThe political economy of Third World intervention: Mines, money and US policy in the Congo crisis<\/em>\u201d, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> Ludo de Witte, \u201cThe assassination of Lumumba<\/em>\u201d, Verso Books, New York 2003; http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/february\/19\/newsid_2748000\/2748931.stm<\/a><\/p>\n [8]<\/a> https:\/\/miningnewsmagazine.org\/enquete-fec-eric-monga-et-patrick-muland-vs-douaniers-declarants-et-reseau-denrichissement-a-la-dgdakatanga-les-en-dessous-dun-bras-de-fer-et-dune-guerre-dinterets\/<\/a><\/p>\n [9]<\/a> https:\/\/miningnewsmagazine.org\/enquete-fec-eric-monga-et-patrick-muland-vs-douaniers-declarants-et-reseau-denrichissement-a-la-dgdakatanga-les-en-dessous-dun-bras-de-fer-et-dune-guerre-dinterets\/<\/a><\/p>\n [10]<\/a> https:\/\/projekte.sueddeutsche.de\/paradisepapers\/wirtschaft\/mining-for-control-in-glencore-s-congo-e774511\/<\/a><\/p>\n [11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2017\/07\/13\/girafes-buffles-et-zebres-en-cargo-ou-les-lubies-animalieres-de-joseph-kabila_5160098_3212.html<\/a><\/p>\n [12]<\/a> https:\/\/miningnewsmagazine.org\/eric-monga-nouveau-president-du-patronat-katangais\/<\/a><\/p>\n [13]<\/a> https:\/\/miningandbusiness.com\/2019\/09\/11\/eric-monga-mumba\/<\/a><\/p>\n [14]<\/a> https:\/\/miningnewsmagazine.org\/eric-monga-nouveau-president-du-patronat-katangais\/<\/a><\/p>\n [15]<\/a> https:\/\/miningnewsmagazine.org\/eric-monga-nouveau-president-du-patronat-katangais\/<\/a><\/p>\n [16]<\/a> https:\/\/projekte.sueddeutsche.de\/paradisepapers\/wirtschaft\/mining-for-control-in-glencore-s-congo-e774511\/<\/a><\/p>\n [17]<\/a> https:\/\/panamapapers.investigativecenters.org\/drc-copper-mining\/<\/a><\/p>\n [18]<\/a> https:\/\/projekte.sueddeutsche.de\/paradisepapers\/wirtschaft\/mining-for-control-in-glencore-s-congo-e774511\/<\/a><\/p>\n [19]<\/a> https:\/\/projekte.sueddeutsche.de\/paradisepapers\/wirtschaft\/mining-for-control-in-glencore-s-congo-e774511\/<\/a><\/p>\n [20]<\/a> https:\/\/projekte.sueddeutsche.de\/paradisepapers\/wirtschaft\/mining-for-control-in-glencore-s-congo-e774511\/<\/a><\/p>\n [21]<\/a> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122<\/a><\/p>\n [22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2001\/feb\/11\/theobserver<\/a><\/p>\n [23]<\/a> https:\/\/projekte.sueddeutsche.de\/paradisepapers\/wirtschaft\/mining-for-control-in-glencore-s-congo-e774511\/<\/a><\/p>\n [24]<\/a> https:\/\/schoolforafrica.org\/democratic-republic-of-congo\/mobutu-sese-seko\/<\/a><\/p>\n [25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/141246\/economie\/katanga-initiative-ric-monga-du-conseil-fiscal-au-labo-d-analyses\/<\/a><\/p>\n [26]<\/a> https:\/\/oenz.de\/sites\/default\/files\/business_risks_and_the_drc_-_what_happens_when_kabila_steps_down_1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n [27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Eduardo_Salcedo-Albaran\/publication\/322339311_Coltan_Trafficking_Network_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo\/links\/5a54e6764585152af77fd73d\/Coltan-Trafficking-Network-in-the-Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n [28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Eduardo_Salcedo-Albaran\/publication\/322339311_Coltan_Trafficking_Network_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo\/links\/5a54e6764585152af77fd73d\/Coltan-Trafficking-Network-in-the-Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n [29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Eduardo_Salcedo-Albaran\/publication\/322339311_Coltan_Trafficking_Network_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo\/links\/5a54e6764585152af77fd73d\/Coltan-Trafficking-Network-in-the-Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n [30]<\/a> https:\/\/repositories.lib.utexas.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/2152\/5170\/2477.pdf?sequence=1<\/a><\/p>\n [31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Eduardo_Salcedo-Albaran\/publication\/322339311_Coltan_Trafficking_Network_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo\/links\/5a54e6764585152af77fd73d\/Coltan-Trafficking-Network-in-the-Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FRA005-02.jpg\")
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