{"id":990,"date":"2021-05-30T01:46:27","date_gmt":"2021-05-29T23:46:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/?page_id=990"},"modified":"2022-02-26T02:28:13","modified_gmt":"2022-02-26T01:28:13","slug":"destination-sahel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/destination-sahel\/","title":{"rendered":"DESTINATION SAHEL"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;63px&#8221;][vc_column_text]\n<h3><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-991\" src=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/EDIT07.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/EDIT07.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/EDIT07-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/EDIT07-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/EDIT07-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/EDIT07-600x400.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>THE SAHEL: THE FIRST MAJOR ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL COLLAPSE OF HUMANITY<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The destruction of Carthage in 146 BC not only destroyed a flourishing Mediterranean civilization on the shores of what we now call Tunisia. Suddenly, for more than a thousand years, he cut the trade channel that brought Europe into contact with the Sahel, that is to say the region of wooded plateaus and muddy rivers and lakes, areas full of fishing and game, metal deposits and gold, which is the richest and most populous area in the world.<\/p>\n<p>It was abundance that caused mankind&#8217;s first great ecological disaster. In just six centuries, thanks to the ruthless intervention of humanity, the Sahel forest has become the Sahara desert. After the logging of forests and the extermination of fish and game, the inhabitants of the region, almost all nomadic tribes, were gradually forced to move south and west, accelerating the process of desertification and causing misery and tribal wars. The lack of a trade hub in the north meant that, while Europe was still experiencing the last breath of the Roman Empire, all of West Africa had changed its economy and the sale of human slaves had become the center of interest.<\/p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" id=\"umsMapStyles_6_47294\">\r\n\t#ultimate_maps_6_47294 {\r\n        width: 100%;\r\n        height: 500px;\r\n\t        border: 0px solid ;\r\n        margin: 0px;\r\n    }\r\n\t#mapsControlsNum_6_47294 {\r\n\t\twidth:100%\t}\r\n\t.umsMapDetailsContainer#umsMapDetailsContainer_6_47294 {\r\n\t\theight:500px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t.ums_MapPreview#ultimate_maps_6_47294 {\r\n\t\t\/*position:absolute;*\/\r\n\t\twidth:100%;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#mapConElem_6_47294{\r\n\t\twidth:100%\t}\r\n\t<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"ums_map_opts\" id=\"mapConElem_6_47294\" data-id=\"6\" data-view-id=\"6_47294\" > <div class=\"umsMapDetailsContainer\" id=\"umsMapDetailsContainer_6_47294\"> <i class=\"umsKMLLayersPreloader fa fa-spinner fa-spin\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/i> <div class=\"ums_MapPreview \" id=\"ultimate_maps_6_47294\"><\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"umsMapMarkerFilters\" id=\"umsMapMarkerFilters_6_47294\"> <\/div> <div class=\"umsMapProControlsCon\" id=\"umsMapProControlsCon_6_47294\"> <\/div> <div class=\"umsMapProDirectionsCon\" id=\"umsMapProDirectionsCon_6_47294\" > <\/div> <div class=\"umsMapProKmlFilterCon\" id=\"umsMapProKmlFilterCon_6_47294\" > <\/div> <div class=\"umsSocialSharingShell umsSocialSharingShell_6_47294\"> <\/div> <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div> <\/div> \n<p>As science galloped through Asia and Europe, the most advanced civilizations of the Sahel, like the Nok of Niger<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>, were exterminated to be sold as slaves. In the 13<sup>th<\/sup> century, the region became part of the Mandingo Empire, which was among the largest in the world during the reign of Sundjata Ke\u00efta (1217-1255)<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> and Mansa Musa (1280-1339)<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>, and united the African countries from the Atlantic Ocean to Egypt.<\/p>\n<p>After the discovery of America, the Spanish, Portuguese and English colonial colonization unfortunately made the slave trade the only commercial activity in the whole region. Moreover, after the collapse of the Sahelian empires, the peoples, still constrained by tribal struggles, are pushing themselves more and more towards the coast, the interior of the continent having become an immense desert.<\/p>\n<p>The Sahel has not yet recovered from this ecological, social and economic tragedy. The end of European military colonization has changed nothing. It is still foreigners who hold the levers of natural resources and in their hands increasingly large agricultural land. Nations drawn on the map with pencil struggle to find their own identity. National governments are just tribal power hordes whose main purpose is to maintain power, exploit resources and obtain handouts (bribes) from multinational corporations.<\/p>\n<p>We try to describe this tragedy as it is experienced and perceived in the nations of West Africa &#8211; and to place it in the larger context of the new political, military, religious and economic balances of the planet. Looking with confidence to one of FAO&#8217;s biggest and bravest projects: the reforestation of 100 million hectares of the Sahara Desert<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>. In the hope that what was once one of the great cradles of civilization can make up for lost time as quickly as possible and rebuild its own common human and civic identity.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/jaa\/14\/3\/article-p237_1.pdf\">https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/jaa\/14\/3\/article-p237_1.pdf<\/a> ; <a href=\"http:\/\/araf.studiumdigitale.uni-frankfurt.de\/attachments\/110_Nok%20Brosch%C3%BCre%20Exploring%20the%20Nok%20Culture%20online.pdf\">http:\/\/araf.studiumdigitale.uni-frankfurt.de\/attachments\/110_Nok%20Brosch%C3%BCre%20Exploring%20the%20Nok%20Culture%20online.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Patricia McKissack, Frerdrik McKissack, \u201c<em>The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa<\/em>\u201c, Square Fish Publishing, New York 1996<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Marq De Villiers, Sheila Hirtle, \u201d<em>Timbuktu: Sahara\u2019s Fabled City of Gold<\/em>\u201c, Walker and Company, New York 2007<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/undocs.org\/A\/RES\/73\/284\">https:\/\/undocs.org\/A\/RES\/73\/284<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<form  class=\"is-search-form is-form-style is-form-style-3 is-form-id-417 \" action=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/\" method=\"get\" role=\"search\" ><label for=\"is-search-input-417\"><span class=\"is-screen-reader-text\">Search for:<\/span><input  type=\"search\" id=\"is-search-input-417\" name=\"s\" value=\"\" class=\"is-search-input\" placeholder=\"SEARCH HERE...\" autocomplete=off \/><\/label><button type=\"submit\" class=\"is-search-submit\"><span class=\"is-screen-reader-text\">Search Button<\/span><span class=\"is-search-icon\"><svg focusable=\"false\" aria-label=\"Search\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24px\"><path d=\"M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><\/button><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"id\" value=\"417\" \/><\/form>[\/vc_column_text][vc_wp_categories title=&#8221;ARCHIVE&#8221; options=&#8221;dropdown,count,hierarchical&#8221;][vc_column_text]\n<h2>ARTICLES<\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"widget widget_latest_posts\">\t\t\t<div class=\"latest_posts\">\n\t\t\t<ul class=\"small-thumb\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"small-custom-frame-wrapper alignleft\"><div class=\"custom-frame-inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"custom-frame-padding\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/kara-kara-where-the-world-falls-apart\/\" title=\"KARA-KARA, WHERE THE WORLD FALLS APART\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/FRA021-01-60x60_c.jpg\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" alt=\"KARA-KARA, WHERE THE WORLD FALLS APART\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"teaser-title\" title=\"KARA-KARA, WHERE THE WORLD FALLS APART\" href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/kara-kara-where-the-world-falls-apart\/\">KARA-KARA, WHERE THE WORLD FALLS APART<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"date-author\">25 October 2022 by <a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/author\/ibi-world-france\/\" title=\"Posts by IBI World France\" rel=\"author\">IBI World France<\/a> <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"teaser-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t&nbsp; We need Africa. We need a land that is still virgin, where there are great mineral resources and endless...\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"small-custom-frame-wrapper alignleft\"><div class=\"custom-frame-inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"custom-frame-padding\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/guinea-yet-another-leopard-change\/\" title=\"GUINEA, YET ANOTHER LEOPARD CHANGE\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/FRA014-01-60x60_c.jpg\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" alt=\"GUINEA, YET ANOTHER LEOPARD CHANGE\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"teaser-title\" title=\"GUINEA, YET ANOTHER LEOPARD CHANGE\" href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/guinea-yet-another-leopard-change\/\">GUINEA, YET ANOTHER LEOPARD CHANGE<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"date-author\">18 October 2021 by <a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/author\/ibi-world-france\/\" title=\"Posts by IBI World France\" rel=\"author\">IBI World France<\/a> <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"teaser-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tIt is Sunday morning, 5 September 2021, and in the Kaloum district of Conakry, numerous gunshots can be heard: more...\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"small-custom-frame-wrapper alignleft\"><div class=\"custom-frame-inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"custom-frame-padding\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/between-dream-and-hope-the-great-green-wall-project\/\" title=\"BETWEEN DREAM AND HOPE: THE GREAT GREEN WALL PROJECT\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ITA013-01-60x60_c.jpg\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" alt=\"BETWEEN DREAM AND HOPE: THE GREAT GREEN WALL PROJECT\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"teaser-title\" title=\"BETWEEN DREAM AND HOPE: THE GREAT GREEN WALL PROJECT\" href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/between-dream-and-hope-the-great-green-wall-project\/\">BETWEEN DREAM AND HOPE: THE GREAT GREEN WALL PROJECT<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"date-author\">11 July 2021 by <a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/author\/ibi-world-italy\/\" title=\"Posts by IBI World Italy\" rel=\"author\">IBI World Italy<\/a> <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"teaser-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThese are images of the same area in southern Libya &#8211; as it was in the days when the Roman...\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"small-custom-frame-wrapper alignleft\"><div class=\"custom-frame-inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"custom-frame-padding\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/ethnic-religious-colonial-wars-and-tribal-revenge-mali-as-a-metaphor-for-a-global-disaster\/\" title=\"ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS, COLONIAL WARS AND TRIBAL REVENGE: MALI AS A METAPHOR FOR A GLOBAL DISASTER\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FRA015-01-60x60_c.jpg\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" alt=\"ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS, COLONIAL WARS AND TRIBAL REVENGE: MALI AS A METAPHOR FOR A GLOBAL DISASTER\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"teaser-title\" title=\"ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS, COLONIAL WARS AND TRIBAL REVENGE: MALI AS A METAPHOR FOR A GLOBAL DISASTER\" href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/ethnic-religious-colonial-wars-and-tribal-revenge-mali-as-a-metaphor-for-a-global-disaster\/\">ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS, COLONIAL WARS AND TRIBAL REVENGE: MALI AS A METAPHOR FOR A GLOBAL DISASTER<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"date-author\">8 June 2021 by <a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/author\/ibi-world-france\/\" title=\"Posts by IBI World France\" rel=\"author\">IBI World France<\/a> <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"teaser-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tIn West Africa, among the states born from the Berlin Conference of 1884, which created nations with rulers without any...\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"small-custom-frame-wrapper alignleft\"><div class=\"custom-frame-inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"custom-frame-padding\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world\/\" title=\"HOW EVEN THE MAURITANIAN ANT CAN CHANGE THE BALANCE OF THE WORLD\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/FRA013-01-60x60_c.jpg\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" alt=\"HOW EVEN THE MAURITANIAN ANT CAN CHANGE THE BALANCE OF THE WORLD\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"teaser-title\" title=\"HOW EVEN THE MAURITANIAN ANT CAN CHANGE THE BALANCE OF THE WORLD\" href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world\/\">HOW EVEN THE MAURITANIAN ANT CAN CHANGE THE BALANCE OF THE WORLD<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"date-author\">9 May 2021 by <a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/author\/ibi-world-france\/\" title=\"Posts by IBI World France\" rel=\"author\">IBI World France<\/a> <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"teaser-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEndless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in...\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"small-custom-frame-wrapper alignleft\"><div class=\"custom-frame-inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"custom-frame-padding\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/burkinabe-people-a-small-hope-for-a-different-africa\/\" title=\"BURKINAB\u00c9 PEOPLE, A SMALL HOPE FOR A DIFFERENT AFRICA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/RUS011-01-60x60_c.png\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" alt=\"BURKINAB\u00c9 PEOPLE, A SMALL HOPE FOR A DIFFERENT AFRICA\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"teaser-title\" title=\"BURKINAB\u00c9 PEOPLE, A SMALL HOPE FOR A DIFFERENT AFRICA\" href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/burkinabe-people-a-small-hope-for-a-different-africa\/\">BURKINAB\u00c9 PEOPLE, A SMALL HOPE FOR A DIFFERENT AFRICA<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"date-author\">23 April 2021 by <a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/author\/ibi-world-russia\/\" title=\"Posts by IBI World Russia\" rel=\"author\">IBI World Russia<\/a> <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"teaser-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe World Gold Council[1] said on July 14, 2020 in the midst of the Covid outbreak: \u201cInvestors have adopted gold...\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"small-custom-frame-wrapper alignleft\"><div class=\"custom-frame-inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"custom-frame-padding\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer\/\" title=\"LAKE CHAD, A JOURNEY BETWEEN ANVIL AND HAMMER\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/FRA003-01-60x60_c.jpg\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" alt=\"LAKE CHAD, A JOURNEY BETWEEN ANVIL AND HAMMER\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"teaser-title\" title=\"LAKE CHAD, A JOURNEY BETWEEN ANVIL AND HAMMER\" href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer\/\">LAKE CHAD, A JOURNEY BETWEEN ANVIL AND HAMMER<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"date-author\">18 December 2020 by <a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/author\/ibi-world-france\/\" title=\"Posts by IBI World France\" rel=\"author\">IBI World France<\/a> <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"teaser-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChad: A landlocked country in the heart of the African continent, in the center of the Sahara, as large as...\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"small-custom-frame-wrapper alignleft\"><div class=\"custom-frame-inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"custom-frame-padding\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/hezbollahs-not-so-secret-millionaire-business-with-gambia\/\" title=\"HEZBOLLAH&#8217;S NOT-SO-SECRET MILLIONAIRE BUSINESS WITH GAMBIA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/RUS004-01-60x60_c.jpg\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" alt=\"HEZBOLLAH&#039;S NOT-SO-SECRET MILLIONAIRE BUSINESS WITH GAMBIA\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"teaser-title\" title=\"HEZBOLLAH&#8217;S NOT-SO-SECRET MILLIONAIRE BUSINESS WITH GAMBIA\" href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/hezbollahs-not-so-secret-millionaire-business-with-gambia\/\">HEZBOLLAH&#8217;S NOT-SO-SECRET MILLIONAIRE BUSINESS WITH GAMBIA<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"date-author\">20 November 2020 by <a href=\"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/author\/ibi-world-russia\/\" title=\"Posts by IBI World Russia\" rel=\"author\">IBI World Russia<\/a> <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"teaser-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe main activity of militias which fight, for apparently religious reasons, against national governments or against certain countries considered as...\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- end widget_recent_posts -->\n\t\t\t<\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;63px&#8221;][vc_column_text] THE SAHEL: THE FIRST MAJOR ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL COLLAPSE OF HUMANITY &nbsp; The destruction of Carthage in 146 BC not only destroyed a flourishing Mediterranean civilization on the shores of what we now call Tunisia. Suddenly, for more than a thousand years, he cut<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-FullWidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-990","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/990"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=990"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/990\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2267,"href":"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/990\/revisions\/2267"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=990"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}